Sejarah (History)

Sejarah

Bentuk lumbung padi khas pulau lombok

Menurut isi Babad Lombok, kerajaan tertua yang pernah berkuasa di pulau ini bernama Kerajaan Laeq (dalam bahasa sasak laeq berarti waktu lampau), namun sumber lain yakni Babad Suwung, menyatakan bahwa kerajaan tertua yang ada di Lombok adalah Kerajaan Suwung yang dibangun dan dipimpin oleh Raja Betara Indera. Kerajaan Suwung kemudian surut dan digantikan oleh Kerajaan Lombok. Pada abad ke-9 hingga abad ke-11 berdiri Kerajaan Sasak yang kemudian dikalahkan oleh salah satu kerajaan yang berasal dari Bali pada masa itu. Beberapa kerajaan lain yang pernah berdiri di pulau Lombok antara lain Pejanggik, Langko, Bayan, Sokong Samarkaton dan Selaparang.

Kerajaan Selaparang sendiri muncul pada dua periode yakni pada abad ke-13 dan abad ke-16. Kerajaan Selaparang pertama adalah kerajaan Hindu dan kekuasaannya berakhir dengan kedatangan ekspedisi Kerajaan Majapahit pada tahun 1357. Kerajaan Selaparang kedua adalah kerajaan Islam dan kekuasaannya berakhir pada tahun 1744 setelah ditaklukkan oleh gabungan pasukan Kerajaan Karangasem dari Bali dan Arya Banjar Getas yang merupakan keluarga kerajaan yang berkhianat terhadap Selaparang karena permasalahan dengan raja Selaparang.^[3]. Pendudukan Bali ini memunculkan pengaruh kultur Bali yang kuat di sisi barat Lombok, seperti pada tarian serta peninggalan bangunan (misalnya Istana Cakranegara di Ampenan). Baru pada tahun 1894 Lombok terbebas dari pengaruh Karangasem akibat campur tangan Batavia (Hindia Belanda) yang masuk karena pemberontakan orang Sasak mengundang mereka datang. Namun, Lombok kemudian berada di bawah kekuasaan Hindia Belanda secara langsung.^{[butuh rujukan]}

Masuknya Jepang (1942) membuat otomatis Lombok berada di bawah kendali pemerintah pendudukan Jepang wilayah timur. Seusai Perang Dunia II Lombok sempat berada di bawah Negara Indonesia Timur, sebelum kemudian pada tahun 1950 bergabung dengan Republik Indonesia.

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History

The Sasak chiefs of Lombok that allied with the Dutch to resist Balinese occupation.

A 75 carat diamond on exhibit at the Museum Volkenkunde, Leiden. It was taken, together with 230 kg (507 lb) of gold, 7,000 kg (15,432 lb) of silver and three chests of jewels and precious stones from the royal palace of Lombok after a Dutch invasion in 1894. Only part of the treasure was handed back to Indonesia in 1977.^[5]

Little is known about the Lombok before the seventeenth century. Before this time it was made up of numerous competing and feuding petty states each of which were presided over by a Sasak 'prince'. This disunity was taken advantage of by the neighbouring Balinese who took control of western Lombok in the early seventeenth century. The Makassarese meanwhile invaded eastern Lombok from their colonies in neighbouring Sumbawa. The Dutch had first visited Lombok in 1674 and the Dutch East India Company concluded its first treaty with the Sasak Princess of Lombok. The Balinese had managed to take over the whole island by 1750, but Balinese infighting resulted in the island being split into four feuding Balinese kingdoms. In 1838, the Mataram kingdom brought its rivals under control.

Relations between the Sasak and Balinese in western Lombok were largely harmonious and intermarriage was common. In the island's east, however, relations were less cordial and the Balinese maintained control from garrisoned forts. While Sasak village government remained in place, the village head became little more than a tax collector for the Balinese. Villagers became a kind of serf and Sasak aristocracy lost much of its power and land holdings.

Dutch intervention in Lombok and Karangasem against the Balinese in 1894.

During one of the many Sasak peasant rebellions against the Balinese, Sasak chiefs sent envoys to the Dutch in Bali and invited them to rule Lombok. In June 1894, the governor general of the Dutch East Indies, Van der Wijck, signed a treaty with Sasak rebels in eastern Lombok. He sent a large army to Lombok and the Balinese raja capitulated to Dutch demands. (see Dutch intervention in Lombok) The younger princes however overruled the raja and attacked and routed the Dutch. The Dutch counterattacked overrunning Mataram and the raja surrendered. The entire island was annexed to the Netherlands East Indies in 1895. The Dutch ruled over Lombok's 500,000 people with a force of no more than 250 by cultivating the support of the Balinese and Sasak aristocracy. The Dutch are remembered in Lombok as liberators from Balinese hegemony.

During World War II a Japanese invasion force comprising elements of the 2nd Southern Expeditionary Fleet invaded and occupied the Lesser Sunda Islands, including the island of Lombok. They sailed from Soerabaja harbour at 09:00 hrs on 8 March 1942 and proceeded towards Lombok Island. On 9 May 1942 at 17:00 hrs the fleet sailed into port of Ampenan on Lombok Island. The Dutch defenders were soon defeated and the island occupied.^[6]

Following the cessation of hostilities the Japanese forces occupying Indonesia were withdrawn and Lombok returned temporarily to Dutch control. Following the subsequent Indonesian independence from the Dutch, the Balinese and Sasak aristocracy continued to dominate Lombok. In 1958, the island was incorporated into the province of West Nusa Tenggara with Mataram becoming the provincial capital. Mass killings of communists occurred across the island following the abortive coup attempt in Jakarta and Central Java. During President Suharto's New Order administration, Lombok experienced a degree of stability and development but not to the extent of the boom and wealth in Java and Bali. Crop failures led to famine in 1966 and food shortages in 1973. The national government's transmigrasi program moved a lot of people out of Lombok. The 1980s saw external developers and speculators instigate a nascent tourism boom although local's share of earnings was limited. Indonesia's political and economic crises of the late 1990s hit Lombok hard. In January 2000, riots broke out across Mataram with Christians and ethnic Chinese the main victims, with alleged agents provocateur from outside Lombok. Tourism slumped, but in recent years has seen a renewed growth.